Ethogram Table

Behaviors employed by adult males and adult females in the advertisement of sexual state and the attraction of, and search for, mates.

Behaviors relating to the formation and maintenance of social bonds with other elephants.

Behaviors employed to intimidate, threaten or attack other elephants.

Behaviors engaged in when an individual has simultaneous tendencies to perform two incompatible activities, such as fight or flight.

Behaviors employed by an elephant, or a group of elephants acting cooperatively, to advance upon, harass or attack a non-elephant threat.

Behaviors employed to attend to the actions of other elephants or to non-threatening incidents in the environment, or the contemplation of such actions or incidents.

Behaviors employed to evade actual or perceived dangers posed by non-elephant threats.

Behavior engaged in by a newborn, its family members or nearby elephants during, or within 24 hours prior to, or after, parturition, that relate to the birth.

Behaviors engaged in by mother and calf to meet the nutritional requirements of the calf and during the process of weaning.

Behaviors employed to defend, protect, help, guide, comfort or console calves, or in calf solicitation of such actions.

Behaviors employed in the formation of a defensive coalition.

Behaviors employed to signal hostility toward a perceived non-elephant threat.

Behaviors engaged in by adult male and female elephants during courtship, consortship and mating.

Behavioral responses to a dying elephant or the investigation of, or intervention with, the body, carcass or bones of a dead elephant.

Methods or techniques employed by elephants to achieve comfort or to feed effectively on particular types of vegetation or species of plant.

Behaviors employed when playing alone or with an object that involve exaggerated, loose, or floppy movements.

Behaviors or activity states (excluding interaction) employed by elephants for basic subsistence. 

Behaviors involved in maintaining spatial proximity, initiating group movement or influencing its timing, direction or form.

Novel or invented behaviors or those peculiar to an individual or group.

Behaviors, primarily vocalizations, given when in pain, or when complaining or protesting at some perceived wrong.

Behaviors employed in play in which individuals engage in exaggerated, loose, or floppy movements, running when there is no reason to flee nor object to attain, engaging in sexual behavior without coitus, fighting in friendly encounters that avoid injury.

Behaviors employed to avoid aggression and/or injury by other elephants.

Behaviors employed to attend to possible danger posed by potential predators.